Radiograph of a close-range shotgun blast injury to the knee. In this state the body will temporarily increase its maximum expenditure for the purpose of healing injured cells. Next, the body tries to replenish its energy stores of glucose and protein via anabolism. Immediately after injury, the body increases production of glucose through gluconeogenesis and its consumption of fat via lipolysis. Prolonged inflammation may cause multiple organ dysfunction syndrome or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Inflammation after injury occurs to protect against further damage and starts the healing process. Various organ systems respond to injury to restore homeostasis by maintaining perfusion to the heart and brain. The symptoms of injury may manifest in many different ways, including: The healing time of an injury depends on various factors including sex, age, and the severity of injury. This response attempts to protect vital organs such as the liver, to allow further cell duplication and to heal the damage. The body responds to traumatic injury both systemically and at the injury site. Trauma also may be associated with a particular activity, such as an occupational or sports injury. Blast injury is a complex cause of trauma because it commonly includes both blunt and penetrating trauma, and also may be accompanied by a burn injury. In the United States, most deaths caused by penetrating trauma occur in urban areas and 80% of these deaths are caused by firearms. Penetrating trauma is caused when a foreign body such as a bullet or a knife enters the body tissue, creating an open wound. Intentional injury is a common cause of traumas. įor statistical purposes, injuries are classified as either intentional such as suicide, or unintentional, such as a motor vehicle collision. Subsets of blunt trauma are both the number one and two causes of traumatic death. The leading causes of traumatic death are blunt trauma, motor vehicle collisions, and falls, followed by penetrating trauma such as stab wounds or impaled objects. Injuries may be caused by any combination of external forces that act physically against the body. Īpproximately 2% of those who have experienced significant trauma have a spinal cord injury. The data also may be used in epidemiological investigations and for research purposes. The abbreviated injury scale and the Glasgow coma scale are used commonly to quantify injuries for the purpose of triaging and allow a system to monitor or "trend" a patient's condition in a clinical setting. Injury scales measure damage to anatomical parts, physiological values (blood pressure etc.), comorbidities, or a combination of those. The value may be used for triaging a patient or for statistical analysis. Various scales exist to provide a quantifiable metric to measure the severity of injuries. Major trauma sometimes is classified by body area injuries affecting 40% are polytrauma, 30% head injuries, 20% chest trauma, 10%, abdominal trauma, and 2%, extremity trauma. The purpose of the matrix is for international standardization of the classification of trauma.
For research purposes injury may be classified using the Barell matrix, which is based on ICD-9-CM. It also may be classified by the type of force applied to the body, such as blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. Trauma also may be classified by demographic group, such as age or gender. Injuries generally are classified by either severity, the location of damage, or a combination of both. For research purposes the definition often is based on an injury severity score (ISS) of greater than 15. In 2002, unintentional and intentional injuries were the fifth and seventh leading causes of deaths worldwide, accounting for 6.23% and 2.84% of all deaths. The initial assessment is critical, and involves a physical evaluation and also may include the use of imaging tools to determine the types of injuries accurately and to formulate a course of treatment. Depending on the severity of injury, quickness of management, and transportation to an appropriate medical facility (called a trauma center) may be necessary to prevent loss of life or limb. There are many causes of major trauma, blunt and penetrating, including falls, motor vehicle collisions, stabbing wounds, and gunshot wounds.
Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death. Health care providers attending to a person on a stretcher with a gunshot wound to the head the patient is intubated, and a mechanical ventilator is visible in the background
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